Momwe mungathetsere kutayikira kwa mawonekedwe a flange

Ngozi zotayikira chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a flange mu zomera petrochemical zikuchulukirachulukira, kuwononga kwambiri zomera ntchito. Mu pepala ili, ife kusanthula zimene zimayambitsa kutayikira flange, kuyambitsa lingaliro la kasamalidwe flange, akafuna yeniyeni ndondomeko kulamulira miyeso ndi wololera bawuti kumangitsa katundu mawerengedwe njira kusintha khalidwe la unsembe flange ndi kuchepetsa zochitika za kutayikira flange.

Muzomera za petrochemical, mapaipi opangira ma payipi ndi ovuta komanso ovuta ngati mitsempha yamagazi m'thupi la munthu, ndipo ma TV ambiri ndi oopsa komanso owopsa, kotero kuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito yomanga mapaipi imakhala yofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera khalidwe lauinjiniya. Kutchulidwa kwa khalidwe la kupanga mapaipi kungakhale lingaliro loyamba ndilo khalidwe la kuwotcherera mapaipi, komabe, mu petrochemical plant pressure pressure pipeline kugwirizana kuwonjezera pa kugwirizana zitsulo, komanso chiwerengero chachikulu cha kugwirizana kwa flange, mabawuti a flange ndiakulu komanso ovuta kugwira ntchito, m'zaka zaposachedwa ndi mawonekedwe a flange omwe amachititsidwa ndi ngozi yotayikira akuchulukiranso, pafupifupi 18% ya ngozi zonse zotayikira ndi chifukwa cha kutayikira kwa mawonekedwe a flange chifukwa, chifukwa chake, kuwongolera mawonekedwe a flange. , kulimbikitsa kasamalidwe ka flange ndikofunikira kwambiri.

1. Chofunika kwambiri Zifukwa za flange kutayikira

Flange kutayikira, zofala kwambiri ndi zotsatirazi zifukwa zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Kuchokera padoko
Eccentric pakamwa, amatanthauza chitoliro ndi flange si perpendicular, osati centric, flange pamwamba si kufanana. Pamene kuthamanga kwapakati kwapakati kupitirira kupanikizika kwa gasket, kutulutsa kwa flange kumachitika. Izi makamaka chifukwa pa unsembe yomanga kapena kukonzanso, ndipo n'zosavuta kupeza. Malingana ngati polojekitiyo yatha ndi cheke chenicheni, mukhoza kupewa ngozi zoterezi.
Zolakwika
Mismatch, amatanthauza chitoliro ndi flange ofukula, koma flanges awiri si pakati chomwecho. Flange siinakhazikike, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mabawuti ozungulira azikhala omasuka kulowa mu dzenje la bawuti. Ngati palibe njira zina, kungobwerezanso kapena kugwiritsa ntchito bawuti yaying'ono kudzera pabowo la bawuti, ndipo njirayo idzachepetsa kupsinjika kwa ma flanges awiriwo. Komanso, mzere wosindikizira pamwamba pa malo osindikizira nawonso amapatuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti kutayikira kuchitike.
Khomo lotseguka
Tsegulani pakamwa, amatanthauza kusiyana kwa flange ndi yayikulu kwambiri. Pamene kusiyana kwa flange ndi kwakukulu kwambiri ndipo kumayambitsa katundu wakunja, monga axial kapena kupindika katundu, gasket idzagwedezeka kapena kugwedezeka ndikutaya mphamvu yopondereza, motero pang'onopang'ono kutaya kusindikiza mphamvu ya kinetic ndikupangitsa kulephera.
Khola Lolakwika
Bowo lolakwika limatanthauza kuti chitoliro ndi flange ndizokhazikika, koma mtunda pakati pa mabowo awiri a flange wachibale wapatuka. Bowo lolakwika limapangitsa kuti bawutiyo ipange kupsinjika, mphamvuyo siichotsedwa, imayambitsa kukameta ubweya flange bolt, nthawi idzadula bawuti ya flange, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chisindikizo chilephereke.
Kupsinjika maganizo
Mu unsembe wa flange, awiri flange butt ndi muyezo, koma pakupanga dongosolo, ndi payipi mu sing'anga, chifukwa mu payipi kusintha kutentha, kuti kukula payipi kapena mapindikidwe, kuti flange ndi kupinda katundu kapena kukameta ubweya mphamvu, zosavuta chifukwa gasket kulephera.
Chikoka cha dzimbiri
Kusintha kwa mankhwala mu gasket kumachitika chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa sing'anga zowononga kwa nthawi yayitali. Sing'anga yowononga imalowa mu gasket ndipo gasket imayamba kufewa ndikutaya mphamvu yakuponderezana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti flange itayike.
Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha ndi kutsika
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa matenthedwe ndi kutsika kwa sing'anga yamadzimadzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti bawuti ya flange ikule kapena kupangika, kotero kuti gasket idzapanga kusiyana ndipo sing'angayo idzadumphira kupsinjika.
Pali zifukwa zambiri za kutayikira kwa flange, ndipo zifukwa zazikulu za kutayikira kwa flange mu gawo lomanga ndi izi.

• (1) Flange, gaskets ndi zina zosindikizira pamwamba kuwonongeka.
• (2) Gaskets kapena mabawuti ndi zinthu zina zolakwika, sangathe kukwaniritsa zikhalidwe ntchito payipi ntchito.
• 3) Kutayikira komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kupotoza kwa flange.
• 4) Kuwonongeka kwa ma gaskets obwera chifukwa cha kusanja kosakhazikika.
• 5) Kumangitsa kosakwanira kuti gasket ikwaniritse ntchito yosindikiza.
• 6) Kugwa kwa gasket chifukwa chakumangitsa kwambiri.

2. Njira zowongolera kuti mupewe kutayikira kwa flange

Momwe mungathetsere kutayikira kwa mawonekedwe a flange? Mwachidule, ku zomwe zimayambitsa kutayikira kwa flange, kuonetsetsa kuti flange si kutayikira, tiyenera kuonetsetsa unsembe khalidwe la flange ndi gasket kudzera okhwima flange ndondomeko kulamulira ndondomeko ndi kusankha katundu yomanga yoyenera kuti gasket akhoza kukwaniritsa bwino kusindikiza ntchito. . Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa njira zowongolera kuchokera kuzinthu ziwiri za kasamalidwe ka flange ndi kuwerengera katundu.

2.1 Flange Process Management

2.1.1 Maphunziro ndi kasamalidwe ka anthu

Onse ogwira nawo ntchito kasamalidwe ka flange ayenera kuphunzitsidwa ndi kupatsidwa chilolezo chogwira ntchito, ndipo kugwira ntchito popanda chilolezo ndikoletsedwa. Maphunziro aukadaulo amaphunzitsidwa ndi mainjiniya akatswiri, omwe ali ndi udindo wophunzitsa chidziwitso chaukadaulo cha kasamalidwe ka flange kwa ogwira ntchito. Maphunziro othandiza makamaka ndi kupereka maphunziro anthawi zonse kwa ogwira ntchito pamalowo, kuphatikiza njira zonse zowongolera upangiri ndi luso la kugwiritsa ntchito zida.

2.1.2 Kasamalidwe ka zinthu

Kusamalira zinthu kumaphatikizapo kasamalidwe ka ma flanges, fasteners ndi ma gaskets, ndi zipangizo zonse ziyenera kulandiridwa bwino pofika kuti zitsimikizire kuti zipangizozo ndizoyenerera mwachilengedwe. Zofunikira zovomerezeka za zitsulo zipangizo ndi awa.

• (1) Zida zonse zachitsulo ziyenera kukhala ndi zikalata zotsimikizira zaubwino ndipo zomwe zili m'makalatawo ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira komanso zofunikira.
• (2) Flange ikafika, malo osindikizira a flange ayenera kufufuzidwa pang'onopang'ono, malo osindikizira ayenera kukhala osasunthika, ndipo sikuyenera kukhala ndi dzimbiri ndi zowonongeka zowonongeka ndi zolakwika zina.
• (3) Mphepete yakunja ya flange iyenera kukhala ndi chizindikiritso chofunikira ndikufanana ndi zikalata zovomerezeka.
• (4) fufuzani flange pambuyo podutsa, ayenera kuikidwa m'nyumba yosungirako, ndi kuchita ntchito yabwino ya dzimbiri ndi dzimbiri kupewa mankhwala.
• (5) Pambuyo potsegula flange mu ntchito yokonza, chigawocho chiyenera kuyang'ana momwe malo osindikizira a flange amachitira ndikuyeretsa zonyansa zomwe zimakhudza chisindikizocho.
• (6) Pambuyo pakufika kwa zomangira kuti zitsimikizire kuti ulusi wa zomangira uyenera kukhala wathunthu, palibe zokopa, palibe burrs, palibe dzimbiri ndi zolakwika zina; ngati ulusi suli wathunthu, ndizoletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito.
• (7) Chomangira chikawunikiridwa ndikuyeneretsedwa, ulusi uyenera kuphimbidwa ndi chitetezo cha ulusi ndipo ulusiwo umakhala wokutidwa mofanana.
• (8).
• (9) Maboti omwe amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pa kuphatikizika kwa flange poyang'anira ndi kukonza ntchito ayenera kutsukidwa chapakati choyamba, kenako kufufuzidwa kenako ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito za stud, ndi kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mabawuti osayenera.

2.1.3 Kusankha zida

Malinga ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a ma bolts, zida zomangira zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, makamaka wrench yama torque, wrench yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi wrench ya hydraulic. Maboti okhala ndi torque ≤1000N-m amatha kumizidwa ndi ma wrenches amanja, ndipo mabawuti okhala ndi torque wamkulu kuposa 1000N-m akulimbikitsidwa kuti azimitsidwa ndi ma wrenches amagetsi amagetsi kapena ma hydraulic wrenches, omwe amatha kufananizidwa ndi ma wrenches okhudza kulimbitsa koyambirira kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu ya kumangitsa koyamba.

2.1.4 Kuyika kwa flange

• (1) Pamaso unsembe flange, ndi flange kusindikiza pamwamba ndipo gasket iyenera kufufuzidwa ndikutsimikiziridwa kuti iwonetsetse kuti palibe zolakwika zomwe zimakhudza ntchito yosindikiza, ndipo mafuta otetezera a pamwamba pa flange ayenera kuchotsedwa.
• (2) The mabawuti ogwirizana ndi flange ayenera kutha kulowa momasuka.
• (3) Maboliti a flange amayenera kuyikidwa mbali imodzi komanso kutalika kowonekera.
• (4) Limbani mtedza ndi dzanja kuti mtedzawo utembenuke bwino pamtengowo.
• (5) Kuyika kwa flange sikuyenera kupotozedwa, ndipo kufanana kwa malo osindikizira a flange kuyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira.

2.1.5 Kulimbitsa bolt

Maboti olumikizira flange amayenera kulumikizidwa motsatana motsatizana, ndipo kufunikira kwa torque yomangirira kuyenera kukulitsidwa mokhazikika mpaka torque yomaliza yofunikira ipezeke, ndipo njira zake ndi izi.

• Khwerero 1: Limbani mtedza ndi dzanja ndi wrench yamanja kuti muwumitse koyamba, kwinaku mukuwongolera kufanana kwa flange.
• Khwerero 2: Limbani bawuti ndi 30% ya mtengo womaliza wa torque, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira kulimbitsa ndikutsimikizira kutalika kwa flange kuti muwonetsetse kusasinthasintha.
• Khwerero 3: Limbitsani ma bolts pa 60% ya mtengo womaliza wa torque ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira kuti muyimitse, kutsimikizira kutalika kwa flange kuti muwonetsetse kusasinthasintha.
• Khwerero 4: Limbitsani mabawuti pamtengo wa torque yomwe mukufuna, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa flange kuti muwonetsetse kusasinthasintha.
• Khwerero 5: Pitirizani kumangitsa ma bolts ndi mtengo wa torque yomwe mukufuna, pogwiritsa ntchito kulimbitsa motsatizana, ndipo pomaliza kutsimikizira kutalika kwa flange kuti muwonetsetse kusasinthasintha. Mukamangitsa mabawuti a flange molingana ndi masitepe omwe ali pamwambawa, gwiritsani ntchito chikhomo kuti mujambule chopingasa pankhope yakumapeto kwa nsonga/nati, ndikupachika cholembera pa flange ngati chilipo. Chizindikirocho chimalembedwa ndi nambala ya chitoliro, nambala ya flange, mtengo wa torque, woyendetsa ndi nthawi yogwira ntchito.

2.2 Kuwerengera katundu wa bolt

Sankhani yoyenera kumangitsa katundu ndi cholinga cha kasamalidwe ka flange, chizolowezi panopa zoweta ndi mabuku alibe ogwirizana, muyezo mawerengedwe njira, kupatsidwa makamaka okhazikika matani makokedwe mtengo, komabe, makulidwe makokedwe sikuyenera kukhala mtengo wokhazikika koma mtengo wapakati, imodzi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kugwirizana kwa flange kuti mukwaniritse ntchito yosindikiza, yachiwiri ndikuwonetsetsa kuti gasket siwonongeka ndipo bawuti siinachotsedwe kapena kulephera; Kuphatikiza apo, torque yolimbitsa bolt si mtengo weniweni, kuchokera ku formula yowerengera ma torque: T = KF._d, Muchilinganizo: T ndi torque, K ndi torque coefficient (nthawi zambiri imatengedwa ngati 0.1-0.2), F ndiye mphamvu yotumiziratu, d ndi m'mimba mwake mwadzina wa bawuti, torque coefficient K ndi mtengo wosinthika, womwe umagwirizana kusalala kwa ulusi wolumikiza pamwamba, kusalala kwa nati ndi nkhope yomaliza ya flange komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta odzola, kusintha kwa torque kwamphamvu kumakhudza kwambiri ma torque Kusiyanasiyana kwa torque kumakhudza kwambiri makokedwe. mtengo, kotero, kuti muchepetse cholakwikacho, kuwerengera kwa mphamvu yolemetsa kuyenera kukhala yolondola.

2.2.1 Kuwerengera mphamvu ya preload malinga ndi momwe gasket ikuyendera

• (1) Werengani kuchuluka kwa katundu F_o pakumangitsa bawuti imodzi molingana ndi mphamvu yocheperako ya gasket pamagwiritsidwe ntchito, chilinganizo chake ndi: F_o=(F+F_p)/n, Mwachilinganizo: F ndiye mphamvu yonse ya axial yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha kukakamiza kwamkati pakugwira ntchito, F_p ndi mphamvu yochepetsetsa ya gasket pamagwiritsidwe ntchito, n ndi kuchuluka kwa mabawuti, njira yowerengera ya F ndi F_p Mtengo wa GB150.3
• (2) Werengani kuchuluka kwa bawuti F_g1 yofunikira pakumangirira bawuti kumodzi molingana ndi mphamvu yocheperako ya gasket yomwe idayimitsidwa kale, chilinganizo chake ndi: F_g1=Fa/n, Muchilinganizo: Fa ndi mphamvu yocheperako ya gasket mumkhalidwe wokhazikika, njira yowerengera imatanthawuza GB150.3.
• (3) Werengani kuchuluka kwa bawuti F_g2 yofunikira pakumanga bawuti imodzi molingana ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu kovomerezeka kwa gasket, chilinganizo chake ndi: F_g2=(S_g×A_g)/n, Mwachidule: S_g ndiye kupsinjika kwakukulu kovomerezeka kwa gasket, A_g ndiye malo osindikizira a gasket.

2.2.2 Werengani mphamvu yodzaza motengera kupsinjika kovomerezeka kwa bawuti

Malinga ndi kupsinjika kwa bawuti kovomerezeka, kuchuluka kwa bawuti kochepa F_b1 ndi kuchuluka kwa bawuti F_b2 amawerengedwa kuti amangirire bolt imodzi; formula ndi: F_b1=0.25×Rel×A_b, F_b2=0.7×Rel×A_b; mu chilinganizo: Rel ndiye bawuti perekani mphamvu, A_b ndiye kupsinjika kwa bolt kuwoloka-gawo lachigawo.

2.2.3 Kuyerekeza kwathunthu

Dziwani kuchuluka kwa katundu F_ine ndi katundu wambiri F_Max chofunika pomanga bawuti imodzi, motero.

F_ine=kuchuluka(F_o,F_g1,F_b1)
F_Max= min(F_b2,F_g2)

2.2.4 Werezerani kuchuluka kwa bawuti yolimbitsa ma torque T_ine, T_Max

T_ine=k×F_ine×d
T_Max=k×F_Max×d

2.3 Mfundo zoyendetsera ntchito zabwino

2.3.1 Kuyang'anira kuyikatu
Yang'anani pakuwona ngati chitoliro ndi choyera, mawonekedwe a flange ndi gasket awonongeka, ndikuwunika ngati zida za bolt ndi gasket zimagwirizana ndi zojambulazo. Pakuti dzimbiri flange kusindikiza pamwamba, burashi pamanja waya kapena zida zina zamanja angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchotsa dzimbiri, ndi kuchotsa madontho ndi zinthu zoyeretsera, fufuzani mmene kusindikiza pamwamba, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa flange kusindikiza pamwamba si ntchito. Pazida zowunikira ndi kukonza, yang'anani momwe mawonekedwe a flange amasindikizira pambuyo pa kuphatikizika kwa flange, ndikusintha ngati yawonongeka.
2.3.2 Kuyang'ana kwaubwino mutatha kulimbitsa ma bolts a flange
Kumangika kwa mabawuti a flange kumalizidwa, ogwira ntchito yoyang'anira projekiti adzayang'ana mwachisawawa pa torque ya bawuti ndi kufanana kwa flange molingana ndi zolemba zowunikira ndikusainira kuti atsimikizire pambuyo podutsa.
2.3.3 Kuyesa mayeso a Pressure
Kuthamanga kwa mapaipi ndi njira yofunikira yoyesera ntchito yosindikiza ya flange, poyesa kukakamiza kuyesa kuyang'ana ntchito yosindikiza ya ma flanges awiri kuti muwonetsetse kuti flange sichikudumphira; kuyesa kuthamanga kwa flange kusindikiza magwiridwe antchito kuti muchite izi.

• (1) Ngati flange ipezeka kuti ili ndi kutayikira, ndiyoletsedwa mwamphamvu kulimbitsa ndi kupanikizika, yang'anani malo otsetsereka, sungani bwino ndikuyigwira pambuyo popumula.
• (2) Pambuyo mpumulo, pendaninso kufanana kwa flange ndi bawuti kumangitsa makokedwe, ngati kufanana sikufanana, masulani bawuti moyang'anizana ndi kumapeto kotsegulira, sinthaninso kufanana kwa flange, ndipo molingana ndi masitepe omangitsa bawuti kuti mulimbikitsenso; ngati torque ya bawuti yokhayo siyikukwaniritsa zofunikira, imatha kukhala molingana ndi torque yomwe mukufuna kuyimitsa;.
• (3) Kusintha kwa flange, ndiyeno yesaninso kuyesa kukakamiza, ndikuyesanso kuti musadutse monga oyenerera, ndikulembanso ma bawuti a flange; ngati pali kutayikira, muyenera kutsegula flange pambuyo mpumulo, yang'anani flange kusindikiza pamwamba ndi gasket, m'malo gasket latsopano, flange kusindikiza pamwamba ngati kuonongeka, m'malo kapena Intaneti kukonza, zolakwika anachotsa, kuyesa kuthamanga kachiwiri, mpaka mutadutsa. ma calibration, mabawuti a flange amalembedwa.

3. Kutsiliza

Malinga ndi zomwe tafotokozazi komanso kusanthula deta zitha kuwoneka kuti payipi flange kasamalidwe ndi pulojekiti yokhazikika, idzaphatikiza kusindikiza kwa flange pazinthu zoyenera kuziganizira, kuphatikiza gulu la flange, kusindikiza pamwamba, mtundu wa gasket wosindikiza, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino bawuti ndi kuwongolera mtengo wa torque, momwe magwiridwe antchito amasinthira. Pokhapokha mwa kulamulira okhwima ndondomeko, kulimbikitsa kasamalidwe chuma ndi kulamulira okhwima a kumangitsa katundu, tingathe bwino kupewa chiopsezo kutayikira zotheka wa flanges.

Source: China Wopanga Flange - Yaang Pipe Viwanda (www.epowermetals.com)